To my knowledge,
closures aren't even on the drawing board yet let alone scheduled for a particular JDK release, so I thought I'd see what we can do in the mean time (apart from switching to Ruby
). Don't get your hopes up though. The results are interesting but far from ready for prime time.
First, let's start with a pre-closure example. Our program iterates over a series of numbers and invokes a
Runnable to add them up (we could obviously implement this inline, but let's keep the example simple):
static int sum;
public static void main(String[] args) {
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
final int it = i;
Runnable r = new Runnable() {
public void run() {
sum += it;
}
};
r.run();
}
System.out.println(sum);
}
For starters, I'd like to get rid of the
run method declaration. The
Runnable constitutes five lines of code of which one is important; that's 80% clutter.
My new class
Closure [ab]uses instance initializers, a lesser known language feature, as a substitute for the
run method. To execute the closure, I simply instantiate its class behind the scenes. This approach eliminates some boilerplate and even a couple lines of code:
static int sum;
static class Adder extends Closure<Integer> {{
sum += it;
}}
public static void main(String[] args) {
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
Closure.execute(Adder.class, i);
}
System.out.println(sum);
}
Unfortunately, you have to implement the closure using a static nested class which means you must explicity pass in all state via the closure argument
it. If you create another nested class so you can pass in multiple arguments, you undo what little good this has done.
Ideally, we'd use an inner class instead. Inner classes can appear inline in methods and see final local variables. There's no reason we couldn't instantiate an inner class as we do the static nested class, however, short of bytecode manipulation, I know of no way to get the method's local variables and the outer instance to pass to the inner class's constructor.
Even if we could somehow scale this inner class wall, I don't feel the end justifies the means: one or more object creations, some thread local lookups, and unorthodox, most likely confusing syntax. That said, I give you
Closure:
package org.crazybob.closure;
import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
public abstract class Closure<T> {
protected T it;
private static ThreadLocal<List> tlStack =
new ThreadLocal<List>() {
protected List initialValue() {
return new ArrayList();
}
};
protected Closure() {
List stack = tlStack.get();
this.it = (T) stack.get(stack.size() - 1);
}
/**
* Executes a closure with the given argument.
*/
public static <T> void execute(
Class<? extends Closure<T>> closure, T it) {
List stack = tlStack.get();
try {
stack.add(it);
execute(closure);
} finally {
stack.remove(stack.size() - 1);
}
}
private static <T> void execute(
Class<? extends Closure<T>> block) {
try {
Constructor c =
block.getDeclaredConstructor();
c.setAccessible(true);
c.newInstance();
} catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
} catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
} catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
} catch (InstantiationException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
}
}
